Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the United States, and melanoma is its most dangerous form. The good news is that most skin cancers are highly treatable when found early, and many cases are preventable. Skin Cancer Awareness and Melanoma Awareness months are a good reminder to check your skin, protect it every day, and know when a spot needs medical attention.

Melanoma and other skin cancers: who is at risk?

Anyone can develop skin cancer. Risk is higher for people with a history of sunburns, frequent outdoor sun exposure, tanning bed use, many moles, or a personal or family history of skin cancer. People with lighter skin tones tend to be diagnosed more often, but melanoma can occur in any skin tone and may be missed when it appears in less sun-exposed areas such as the palms, soles, under nails, or inside the mouth. If you are not sure what is normal for your skin, that is a good reason to start looking regularly.

What to look for: the ABCDEs and other warning signs

A simple way to remember common melanoma warning signs is the ABCDE rule:

• A is for asymmetry, meaning one half does not match the other.
• B is for border, such as edges that are irregular, notched, or blurry.
• C is for color, especially multiple colors or a change in color.
• D is for diameter, often larger than a pencil eraser, although melanomas can be smaller.
• E is for evolving, meaning a spot that changes in size, shape, color, or symptoms.

Also watch for the “ugly duckling” sign, a mole or spot that looks different from the others on your body. Other concerning changes include a sore that does not heal, a spot that bleeds easily, itching or tenderness, or a new dark streak under a fingernail or toenail. If you notice a new, changing, or unusual spot, do not wait for it to “settle down.” A quick check with a clinician can bring peace of mind and, when needed, lead to early treatment.

Prevention that fits real life

Sun protection is not about avoiding the outdoors. It is about lowering your lifetime UV exposure. Seek shade when you can, especially during the middle of the day. Wear a wide-brim hat, UV-blocking sunglasses, and long sleeves when practical. Use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with SPF 30 or higher on exposed skin, and reapply every two hours and after swimming or sweating. Sunscreen works best as part of a plan, not as permission to stay in the sun longer.

Avoid indoor tanning. Tanning beds expose the skin to concentrated UV radiation and increase skin cancer risk. If you have many moles, a history of blistering sunburns, or a personal or family history of skin cancer, ask your clinician how often you should have a professional skin exam. At home, a monthly head-to-toe self-check can help you notice changes early. Use a mirror, check between toes and fingers, and do not forget the scalp and the back. Taking a photo of a spot can also help you track change over time.

If you notice anything concerning or unusual, don’t hesitate to contact your primary care provider or a dermatologist for an expert evaluation. Early action can make a significant difference in your health and peace of mind.

Sabrina Mikita, M.D., is with UPMC Dermatology and sees patients at 1205 Grampian Blvd., Williamsport. To schedule an appointment with Dr. Mikita, call 570-326-8060. For more information, visit UPMC.com/NorthCentralPa.